| 科目 | 雅思口语 |
| 考试日期 | 2016.4.21 |
| 考题概述与分析： Part1 hometown, museum, history, countryside, work or study, snacks, teacher, reading books, color, hurry time, house or apartment, stay up late, music concert, handwriting, subject, teamwork, travel, swimming, keep healthy, vegetables and fruits, shoes, Part2 &3 Part2：快乐的经历; Part3：老人喜欢干什么，一家人一起的快乐经历 Part2 看过的电影; Part 3 关于恐怖片呀 儿童看的电影的问题 Part2 difficult choice; Part3对比大人和小孩的choice Part2 一个想住的房; part 3 各种与房子有关的问题 Part2: a product you bought Part3: ways of buying things; Spend much time shopping? why like large shop centers Part2 借到有用的东西; Part3 一般借什么东西，借钱，借贵的东西，借东西什么什么时候还 Part2：人生中一件快乐的事; Part3：钱会不会让人开心 |
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| 对学生提示：高分范例 Describe a happy event in your childhood You should say where and when you participated in the event with whom you participated in the event something interesting about the event and explain why the event impressed you a lot Speaking of a event I participated, I want to talk about a picnic which my parents and I had at Fragrance Hill Park last late autumn. It was a breezy beautiful Saturday. Our whole family planned to go to Fragrance Hill Park to have a picnic. It was not easy for my whole family to get together spending some quality time because my father was on business trips all the time. We were all pretty excited about the picnic. We bought lots of snacks, beverages, and fruits and got them into a hamper, we headed for the park. The late autumn view was breathtaking! Maple leaves all over the mountain were really a blaze of color: crimson, bright red, golden yellow...all the colors you could possibly imagine. The color combination was a dream. When we climbed on the top of the mountain, we were totally amazed by the panoramic view of the hill:the blue sky, the white clouds, colorful leaves...It was a beautiful as a picture. And we spotted a quite place there and sat down on the grassy meadow to picnic, feasting our eyes on the fantastic view, listening to the birds singing, breathing in the fresh air, feeling the breeze blowing over our faces while chatting together happily. The feeling was awesome! And we also took lotsof landscape shots and snapshots. You know, I was wondering why somthing tastes so common normally could suddenly become so scrumptious when we picnic. Now I think I have the answer: it is not important what we have for the picnic, it is more important with whom we have the picnic and what mood I am in. |
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| 科目 | 阅读 |
| 考试日期 | 2016年4月21日 |
| 考题概述与分析： Passage One 题目：What do managers do 相似背景文章仅供参考 Development of Public management theory Bureaucracy management: The classic one A Several theorists bridged the gap between strictly private and public sector management. One good example is Max Weber exploring sociologist, who explored the ideal bureaucracy in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Bureaucratic Theory was developed by a German Sociologist and political economist Max Weber (1864- 1920). According to him, bureaucracy is the most efficient form of organisation. The organisation has a well-defined line of authority. It has clear rules and regulations which are strictly followed. According to Max Weber, there are three types of power in an organisation: Traditional Power, Charismatic Power, and [3lBureaucratic Power or Legal Power. The characteristics or features of Bureaucratic Organisation B Weber admired bureaucracy for its trustworthiness. The bureaucracy was constituted by a group of professional, ethical public officials. These servants dedicate themselves to the public in return for security of job tenure(长期任职) among the many advantages of public employment. There is a high degree of Division of Labour and Specialisation as well as a defined Hierarchy of Authority. There are well defined Rules and Regulations which follows the principle of Rationality, Objectively and Consistency. There rules cover all the duties and rights of the employees. These rules must be strictly followed. Selection and Promotion is based on Technical qualifications. There are Formal and Impersonal relations among the member of the organisation. Interpersonal relations are based on positions and not on personalities. C Bureaucratic organisation is criticised because of the following reasons: Bureaucratic orgartisation is a very rigid (adj. 僵硬的，死板的) type of organisation. Too much emphasis on rules and regulations which are rigid and inflexible. It does not give importance to human relations. No importance is also given to informal groups which nowadays play an important role in all business organisations. Yet, too much importance is given to the technical qualifications of the employees for promotion and transfers. Dedication and commitment of the employee is not considered. It is suitable for government organisations. It is also suitable for organisations where change is very slow. There will be unnecessary delay in decision-making due to formalities and rules. It is appropriate for static organisations. There is difficulty in coordination and communication. Management : A consolidated discipline D Herbert Simon, Chester Barnard, and Charles Lindblom are among the first of those recognized as early American public administrators. These men ushered in an era during which the field gained recognition as independent and unique, despite its multidisciplinary nature. Simon contributed theoretical separation to discern management, decisions based upon fact versus those made based on values. Since one cannot make completely responsible decisions with public resources based solely on personal values, one must attempt to upon objectively determined facts. Simon developed other relevant theories as well. Similar to Lindblom’s subsequently discussed critique of comprehensive rationality, Simon also taught that a strictly economic man, one who maximizes returns or values by making decisions based upon complete information in unlimited time, is unrealistic. Instead, most public administrators use a sufficient amount of information to make a satisfactory decision:, they" satisfice. " E In decision-making, Simon believed that agents face uncertainty about the future and costs in acquiring information in the present. These factors limit the extent to which agents can make a fully rational decision, thus they possess only "bounded rationality" and must make decisions by "satisficing, " or choosing that which might not be optimal but which will make them happy enough. "Rational behavior, in economics, means that individuals maximizes his utility function under the constraints they face (e. g. , their budget constraint, limited choices, . . .) in pursuit of their self-interest. F Chester Barnard was also one of the watershed scholars. Barnard published "The Economy of Incentives" (1938), in an attempt to explain individual participation in an organization. Barnard explained organizations as systems of exchange. Low-level employees must have more incentive to remain with the organization for which they exchange their labor and loyalty. The organization (and higher level employees) must derive sufficient benefit from its employees to keep them. The net pull of the organization is determined by material rewards, environmental conditions, and other intangibles like recognition. He gives great importance to persuasion, much more than to economic incentives. He described four general and four specific incentives including Money and other material inducements; Personal non-material opportunities for distinction; Desirable physical conditions of work; Ideal benefactions, such as pride of workmanship etc. A new humanist era: Rethinking power and management G Humanists embrace a dynamicconcept of an employee and management techniques. This requires a theoretical shift away from the idea that an employee is a cog in the industrial machine. Rather, employees are unique individuals with goals, needs, desires, etc. H The humanist era ushered in other possible interpretations of such topics as power and management. One of the most significant was Douglas McGregor’s "Theory X and Theory Y. " McGregor’s work provided a basis for a management framework, a structure upon whose rungs the classic and new-aged management might be hung. First, commonly held by early management theorists, Theory X begins with the assumption that humans possess an inherent aversion to work. Employees must therefore be coerced and controlled if management expects to see results. Further, lazy humans prefer direction bordering micromanagement whenever possible. I Theory Y is much more compatible with the humanist tradition. This begins with the assumption that work is as natural for humans as rest or play. Further, employees will direct and control themselves as they complete objectives. Humans learn naturally and seek responsibility. Consequently, managers need only to steer employees in a cooperative manner toward goals that serve the organization. There is room for many to create and share power. j The Z-Organization can be thought of as a complimentary third element to McGregor’s dichotomy. Zorganizations are a Japanese organizational model. Similar to Theory-Y management, Z organizations place a large degree of responsibility upon the employees. Further, relatively low-level employees are entrusted with the freedom to be creative, "wander around the organization" and become truly unique, company-specific employees. However, employees achieve only after "agreeing on a central set of objectives and ways of doing business" In Z Organizations, decision-making is democratic and participatory. Despite the many advantages of this organizational model, there are several draw-backs. These include the depredation of a large professional distance—de-personalization is impossible in Z-organizations. Since, in reality, there is high percentage of workers would like work for the financial return than the job objectives. A high level of self-discipline is also necessary. Questions 14-21 Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 14-15. What are the features and advantages for Bureaucratic Management? A There are equal opportunities coming from little hierarchy of authority among companies. B employees’ promotion can be much fairer which is based on job duties not on characters C employees enjoy a greater freedom of duties than their strict right D Selection and Promotion is based on mastery of new technology. E These employees can dedicate themselves to the public for stability of a long term job Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 16-17. What are the limitations for the ideas of Bureaucratic Management? A Commitment of the employee is not taken into consideration enough. B There is difficulty in decision-making based on formalities and rules. C Employees are casually oragnised as no importance is given to formal groups. D There is difficulty in enforcement of rules and regulations E It is not applicable to dynamic organisations where change is very fast. Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 18-19. What are the aims of management as Douglas McGregor’s work of the “Theory Y.” A Employees must be coerced and controlled if management expects to see results. B Employees has natural tendency for rest or play. C Humans will not automatically seek responsibility. D managers may guide employees in a cooperative manner toward objectives E There is little room for manager to designate or share his power. Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 20-21. What are the limitations for the “Theory Z.” A decision-making is democratic and participatory B organization mode has inherent design fault C not all employee set higher interest in the job than that of wages D Personalization remains un-eliminated in organizations E self-discipline is an unnecessary quality Questions 22-26 Use the information in the passage to match the people(listed A-E) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet. NB Some people may match more than one ideas A Mark weber B McGregor C Herbert Simon D Chester Barnard E Charles Lindblom 22 Employees like to follow professional, ethical public officials to secure a job. 23 Highly effective can be achieved only after "agreeing on a core of objectives and method of doing things 24 Managers need to take the employees’ emotional feeling, besides the material rewards, into incentives system. 25 Individuals can maximize their self-interest when all the budget and choices are utilised well 26 The assumption that humans possess a natural dislike to work who ought to be forced and controlled Passage Two 题目：Unique golden texitile 答案：待补充 Passage Three 题材：科研 题目：Memory champions or just a trick？ 近似背景文章仅供参考： Memory decoding Try this memory test: Study each face and compose a vivid image for the person's first and last name. Rose Leo, for example, could be a rosebud and a lion. Fill in the blanks on the next page. The Examinations School at Oxford University is an austere building of oak-paneled rooms, large Gothic windows, and looming portraits of eminent dukes and earls. It is where generations of Oxford students have tested their memory on final exams, and it is where, last August, 34 contestants gathered at the World Memory Championships to be examined in an entirely different manner. A In timed trials, contestants were challenged to look at and then recite a two-page poem, memorize rows of 40-digit numbers, recall the names of 110 people after looking at their photographs, and perform seven other feats of extraordinary retention. Some tests took just a few minutes; others lasted hours. In the 14 years since the World Memory Championships was founded, no one has memorized the order of a shuffled deck of playing cards in less than 30 seconds. That nice round number has become the four-minute mile of competitive memory, a benchmark that the world's best "mental athletes, " as some of them like to be called, are closing in on. Most contestants claim to have just average memories, and scientific testing confirms that they're not just being modest. Their feats are based on wicks that capitalize on how the human brain encodes information. Anyone can learn them. B Psychologists Elizabeth Valentine and John Wilding, authors of the monograph Superior Memory, recently teamed up with Eleanor Maguire, a neuroscientist at University College London to study eight people, including Karsten, who had finished near the top of the World Memory Championships. They wondered if the contestants' brains were different in some way. The researchers put the competitors and a group of control subjects into an MRI machine and asked them to perform several different memory tests while their brains were being scanned. When it came to memorizing sequences of three-digit numbers, the difference between the memory contestants and the control subjects was, as expected, immense. However, when they were shown photographs of magnified snowflakes, images that the competitors had never tried to memorize before, the champions did no better than the control group. When the researchers analyzed the brain scans, they found that the memory champs were activating some brain regions that were different from those the control subjects were using. These regions, which included the right posterior hippocampus, are known to be involved in visual memory and spatial navigation. C It might seem odd that the memory contestants would use visual imagery and spatial navigation to remember numbers, but the activity makes sense when their techniques are revealed. Cooke, a 23-year-old cognitive-science graduate student with a shoulder-length mop of curly hair, is a grand master of brain storage. He can memorize the order of 10decks of playing cards in less than an hour or one deck of cards in less than a minute. He is closing in on the 30- second deck. In the Lamb and Flag, Cooke pulled out a deck of cards and shuffled it. He held up three cards—the 7 of spades, the queen of clubs, and the 10 of spades. He pointed at a fireplace and said, "Destiny's Child is whacking Franz Schubert with handbags. " The next three cards were the king of hearts, the king of spades, and the jack of clubs.How did he do it? Cooke has already memorized a specific person, verb, and object that he associates with each card in the deck. For example, for the 7 of spades, the person (or, in this case, persons) is always the singing group Destiny's Child, the action is surviving a storm, and the image is a dinghy. The queen of clubs is always his friend Henrietta, the action is thwacking with a handbag, and the image is of wardrobes filled with designer clothes. When Cooke commits a deck to memory, he does it three cards at a time. Every three-card group forms a single image of a person doing something to an object. The first card in the triplet becomes the person, the second the verb, the third the object. He then places those images along a specific familiar route, such as the one he took through the Lamb and Flag. In competitions, he uses an imaginary route that he has designed to be as smooth and downhill as possible. When it comes time to recall, Cooke takes a mental walk along his route and translates the images into cards. That's why the MRIs of the memory contestants showed activation in the brain areas associated with visual imagery and spatial navigation. E The more resonant the images are, the more difficult they are to forget. But even meaningful information is hard to remember when there's a lot of it. That's why competitive memorizers place their images along an imaginary route. That technique, known as the loci method, reportedly originated in 477 B. C. with the Greek poet Simonides of Ceos. Simonides was the sole survivor of a roof collapse that killed all the other guests at a royal banquet. The bodies were mangled beyond recognition, but Simonides was able to reconstruct the guest list by closing his eyes and recalling each individual around the dinner table. What he had discovered was that our brains are exceptionally good at remembering images and spatial information. Evolutionary psychologists have offered an explanation: Presumably our ancestors found it important to recall where they found their last meal or the way back to the cave. After Simonides' discovery, the loci method became popular across ancient Greece as a trick for memorizing speeches and texts. Aristotle wrote about it, and later a number of treatises on the art of memory were published in Rome. Before printed books, the art of memory was considered a staple of classical education, on a par with grammar, logic, and rhetoric. F The most famous of the naturals was the Russian journalist S. V. Shereshevski, who could recall long lists of numbers memorized decades earlier, as well as poems, strings of nonsense syllables, and just about anything else he was asked to remember. "The capacity of his memory had no distinct limits, " wrote Alexander Luria, the Russian psychologist who studied Shereshevski from the 1920s to the 1950s. Shereshevski also had synesthesia, a rare condition in which the senses become intertwined. For example, every number may be associated with a color or every word with a taste. Synesthetic reactions evoke a response in more areas of the brain, making memory easier. G K. Anders Ericsson, a Swedish-born psychologist at Florida State University, thinks anyone can acquire Shereshevski's skills. He cites an experiment with S. F. , an undergraduate who was paid to take a standard test of memory called the digit span for one hour a day, two or three days a week. When he started, he could hold, like most people, only about seven digits in his head at any given time (conveniently, the length of a phone number). Over two years, S. E completed 250 hours of testing. By then, he had stretched his digit span from 7 to more than 80. The study of S. F. Led Ericsson to believe that innately superior memory doesn't exist at all. When he reviewed original case studies of naturals, he found that exceptional memorizers were using techniques—sometimes without realizing it—and lots of practice. Often, exceptional memory was only for a single type of material, like digits. "If we look at some of these memory tasks, they're the kind of thing most people don't even waste one hour practicing, but if they wasted 50 hours, they'd be exceptional at it, "Ericsson says. It would be remarkable, he adds, to find a "person who is exceptional across a number of tasks. I don't think that there's any compelling evidence that there are such people. " Questions 27-30 The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet. 27 The reason why competence of super memory is significant in academic settings 28 Mention of a contest for extraordinary memory held in consecutive years 29 An demonstrative example of extraordinary person did an unusual recalling game 30 A belief that extraordinary memory can be gained though enough practice 31 A depiction of rare ability which assist the extraordinary memory reactions Questions 32-36 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet. Using visual imagery and spatial navigation to remember numbers are investigated and explained. A man called Ed Cooke in a pub, spoke a string of odd words when he held 7 of the spades (the first one of the any cards group) was remembered as he encoded it to a 32 and the card deck to memory are set to be one time of a order of 33 ; When it comes time to recall, Cooke took a 34 along his way and interpreted the imaginary scene into cards. This superior memory skill can be traced back to Ancient Greece, the strategy was called 35 which had been an major subject was in ancient 36 . Questions 37-38 Choose TWO correct letter, A-E Write your answers in boxes 37-38 on your answer sheet. According to World Memory Championships, what activities need good memory? A order for a large group of each digit B recall people's face C resemble a long Greek poem D match name with pictures and features E recall what people ate and did yesterday Questions 39-40 Choose TWO correct letter, A-E Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet. What is the result of Psychologists Elizabeth Valentine and John Wilding's MRI Scan experiment find out? A the champions' brains is different in some way from common people B difference in brain of champions' scan image to control subjects are shown when memorizing sequences of threedigit numbers C champions did much worse when they are asked to remember photographs D the memory-champs activated more brain regions than control subjects E there is some part in the brain coping with visual and spatial memory |
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| 1.本次考试均为三个新题，分别关于三种管理方式，蜘蛛与纺织品和解密记忆力。仍然是雅思常考话题。纵观2016目前的考情，雅思阅读题型还是主要的五大老题型，匹配题，判断题，选择题为主，主要考察学生的定位和同义替换能力。从近期的考试来看，对学生细节掌握的能力有明显提高。填空题的数量有所上升，着意味着官方对学生的语法能力要求进一步提高。匹配题的数量也有所上升，这个题型对学生的要求有所提高。考生们在遇到这类题型中，往往会出现时间把握不准确的情况。对于匹配题比较多的篇章，难度相对来说会增加。 2. 除了题型上偏向于细节题外，对学生的时间把握度也有所提高，要求学生短时间内的信息定位能力要增强。雅思阅读篇章细节题的频繁出现，要去学生在阅读的过程中做到把握文章全局，注重重点细节信息。 |
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